Living with wolves: Lessons learned from Iran

Given the complex and dynamic interrelationships of underlying factors contributing to conflicts associated with wolf presence persistence in human-dominated landscapes, it is often difficult clearly identify ultimate causes these conflicts. In this study, a system dynamics modeling approach was adopted simulate human–wolf an area greatest number recently fatal attacks on humans Iran. Data used build model were obtained from questionnaire surveys satellite tracking wolves. We simulated changes ecological social that may influence under different assumptions. Our findings indicate that, context, proximity wolves human settlements one determining leading increased livestock. When distance between territories increases, likelihood both incidents retaliatory killings are expected decrease. Effective communication information regarding across local communities result positive shift attitudes toward species, as well decrease fear, which turn will affect rate Improper disposal carcasses domestic animals by locals, dumping waste open dumpsites close villages, leaving children unattended agricultural fields increase recurrence strongly urge Hamadan provincial office environment nongovernmental organizations initiate programs raise awareness conflict its mitigation. This includes how properly handle livestock at safe distances settlements. Furthermore, design construction sanitary landfills vicinity each village, providing education use sites could help reduce risky